Environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in relation to chronic kidney disease in the general US population, NHANES 2005-2016 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Few studies have explored the impact of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate (PNT) on kidney function. This study aimed to evaluate the association of urinary levels of PNT with renal function as well as the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the general population in the United States.@*METHODS@#This analysis included data from 13,373 adults (≥20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2016. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression, to explore the associations of urinary PNT with kidney function. Restricted cubic splines were used to assess the potentially non-linear relationships between PNT exposure and outcomes.@*RESULTS@#After traditional creatinine adjustment, perchlorate (P-traditional) was positively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (adjusted β: 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.25 to 3.26; P  < 0.001), and negatively associated with urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) (adjusted β: -0.05; 95% CI: -0.07 to -0.02; P  = 0.001) in adjusted models. After both traditional and covariate-adjusted creatinine adjustment, urinary nitrate and thiocyanate were positively associated with eGFR (all P values <0.05), and negatively associated with ACR (all P values <0.05); higher nitrate or thiocyanate was associated with a lower risk of CKD (all P values <0.001). Moreover, there were L-shaped non-linear associations between nitrate, thiocyanate, and outcomes. In the adjusted models, for quartiles of PNT, statistically significant dose-response associations were observed in most relationships. Most results were consistent in the stratified and sensitivity analyses.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Exposures to PNT might be associated with kidney function, indicating a potential beneficial effect of environmental PNT exposure (especially nitrate and thiocyanate) on the human kidney.

Synergic actions of polyphenols and cyanogens of peanut seed coat (Arachis hypogaea) on cytological, biochemical and functional changes in thyroid.

In animals, long-term feeding with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed coats causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. However, to date there have been no detailed studies. Here, we explored the thyroidal effects of dietary peanut seed coats (PSC) in rats. The PSC has high levels of pro-goitrogenic substances including phenolic and other cyanogenic constituents. The PSC was mixed with a standard diet and fed to rats for 30 and 60 days, respectively. Animals fed with the PSC-supplemented diet showed a significant increase in urinary excretion of thiocyanate and iodine, thyroid enlargement, and hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of thyroid follicles. In addition, there was inhibition of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity, 5’-deiodinase-I (DIO1) activity, and (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity in the experimental groups of rats as compared to controls. Furthermore, the PSC fed animals exhibited decreased serum circulating total T4 and T3 levels, severe in the group treated for longer duration. These data indicate that PSC could be a novel disruptor of thyroid function, due to synergistic actions of phenolic as well as cyanogenic constituents.

Association between anaerobic components of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and 30-second Wingate test

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the anaerobic components of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and of the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test (30-WAnT). Nine male physical education students performed: a) a maximal incremental exercise test; b) a supramaximal constant workload test to determine the anaerobic components of the MAOD; and c) a 30-WAnT to measure the peak power (PP) and mean power (MP). The fast component of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and blood lactate accumulation were measured after the supramaximal constant workload test in order to determine the contributions made by alactic (ALMET) and lactic (LAMET) metabolism. Significant correlations were found between PP and ALMET (r=0.71; P=0.033) and between MP and LAMET (r=0.72; P=0.030). The study results suggested that the anaerobic components of the MAOD and of the 30-WAnT are similarly applicable in the assessment of ALMET and LAMET during high-intensity exercise.

Goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status of school children in a sub-Himalayan Tarai region of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

OBJECTIVES: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of goiter, state of iodine nutrition of the population, distribution of iodine through edible salt, bioavailability of iodine, consumption of common goitrogenic food that generally interfere with iodine nutrition in Naugarh sub-division of Siddharthnagar district in Uttar Pradesh, India. SETTING: Five areas were selected from 5 Community Development (CD) Blocks taking one from each by purposive sampling method. In each area, Primary and Junior high schools were selected by simple random sampling to get representative target population. METHODS: Clinical goiter survey was conducted in 1663 school-aged children from both sexes (6-12 yrs), along with the biochemical analysis of iodine (I) and thiocyanate (SCN) in 200 urine samples, iodine content in 175 edible salt samples and 20 water samples collected from the selected study areas. RESULTS: The studied region is severely affected by Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) as goiter prevalence is 30.2% (grade 1: 27.1% grade 2:3.1%).Median urinary iodine level was 96 microg/L indicating biochemical iodine deficiency. The mean urinary thiocyanate was 0.810+/-0.490 mg/dL and mean of I/SCN ratios in all the studied areas were above the critical level of 7. However, 22% of the individual had I/SCN ratio <or=7 indicating their susceptibility for the development of goiter. Only 12.6% of the salt samples had adequate iodine i.e., >or=15 ppm while iodine content in drinking water varied between 7.5-10.7 microg/L.CONCLUSION: Iodine deficiency is the primary cause, however the consumption of cyanogenic food may have important role for the persistence of IDD in the studied region during post salt iodization phase.

Iodine nutritional status of children in North East India.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the iodine nutritional status of school children in selected areas of Imphal West District of Manipur where endemic goitre and associated iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are prevalent in the post-salt iodization period. METHODS: A total of 961 school children in the age group 6-12 yrs of both sexes were clinically examined for goiter from three study areas- one from rural block and two from urban areas. One hundred twenty urine samples were analysed for iodine and thiocyanate respectively. One hundred and five edible salt samples were also collected from the households to evaluate the iodine content. Drinking water samples from different sources were collected and iodine level was analysed to study the bioavailability of iodine in the region. RESULTS: The total goiter rate was 34.96% (Grade 1- 32.15%; Grade 2- 2.81%) showing that IDD is a severe public health problem. The median urinary iodine levels in the studied areas were in the ranges from 12.5-17.5 microg/dl indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. Mean urinary thiocyanate level was 0.839+/-0.33 mg/dl showing that the people consume sufficient foods containing thiocyanate precursors. About 82% salt samples had iodine level more than 30 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 3% indicating the salt samples at house hold contain adequate iodine. CONCLUSION: Iodine content in drinking water samples ranged from 1.8-2.6 microg/l showing that the studied region is environmentally iodine deficient. Inspite of the consumption of adequate iodine, the existing goiter prevalence among school children during post salt iodization phase ensures that environmental factors other than iodine deficiency may have the possible role in the persistence of endemic goiter in the population. The role of thiocyanate in this regard may not be ruled out.

Effect of radish (Raphanus sativus Linn.) on thyroid status under conditions of varying iodine intake in rats.

Cruciferous plants viz. cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, radish, mustard etc. that contain goitrogenic/antithyroid substances, constitute a portion of regular human diet. The effect of chronic feeding of fresh and cooked radish, R. sativus under varying state of iodine intake on morphological and functional status of thyroid in albino rats was evaluated by thyroid gland morphology and histology, thyroid peroxidase activity, serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin levels. The consumption pattern of iodine and goitrogens of cyanogenic origin was evaluated by measuring urinary iodine and thiocyanate levels respectively. After chronic radish feeding, increased weight of thyroid gland, decreased thyroid peroxidase activity, reduced thyroid hormone profiles and elevated level of thyrotropin were observed resembling a relative state of hypoactive thyroid gland in comparison to control even after supplementation of adequate iodine.

Iodine nutritional status & prevalence of goitre in Sundarban delta of South 24-Parganas, West Bengal.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: In post salt iodization phase endemic goitre and associated iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) were found prevalent in a randomly selected rural area of Sundarban delta and its adjoining areas of West Bengal. The present investigation was thus undertaken to study the total goitre rate, urinary iodine and thiocyanate excretion pattern of the school going children, iodine content in edible salt and drinking water in the Sundarban delta of South 24-Parganas in West Bengal. METHODS: A total of 4656 school children (6-12 yr) were clinically examined for goitre from 13 different areas in the delta region. Urinary iodine and thiocyanate levels were measured in 520 (40 from each area) samples collected randomly to evaluate the iodine nutritional status and consumption pattern of dietary goitrogen. Simultaneously iodine content was determined in 104 (8 from each area) drinking water samples and 455 (35 from each area) edible salt samples collected from the areas. RESULTS: Children of all the areas were affected by endemic goitre. The prevalence rates were in the ranges from 25-61 per cent; overall goitre prevalence was 38.2 per cent (grade 1--34.0%; grade 2--4.2%). Median urinary iodine level in the studied areas was 225 microg/l (range 115-525 microg/l) indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. Mean urinary thiocyanate levels were in the range from 0.326-1.004 mg/dl. Iodine content in drinking water samples were in the ranges from 22-119 microg/l, and 55.6 per cent edible salt samples had iodine level above the recommended 15 ppm at the consumption point. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The severity of endemic goitre was high in the studied population though the iodine nutritional status was found satisfactory in the region indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency. The people of the region consumed iodine through iodized salt but about 44 per cent of the salt samples at household level contained inadequate iodine, however their iodine intake was compensated through iodine in water and food. They also consumed dietary goitrogen. Environmental factors other than iodine deficiency may have possible role for the persistence of endemic goitre in the region. More investigations are thus necessary to arrive at certain definite cause of high goitre rates in this population.

Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to mutagens among high school students in Jeddah

Mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances, which are present in the environment, are numerous. They include electrophilic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds such as benzo [a] pyrene which is a polyaromatic hydrocarbon. It is well known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. Biological monitoring that depends on estimating a substance or one of its metabolites or one of its effective components in biological fluids such as urine and blood was carried out. Thioether concentration in urine indicates absorption of mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances. Thiocyanates concentration in urine was used as an indicator of absorption of mutagenic and/or carcinogenic haloacetonitriles. Urinary cotinine was used to estimate the extent of exposure to tobacco smoke, the heaviness of smoking, and whether the subject is smoker or not. Three hundreds and thirty two male students were randomly selected from eight secondary schools in Jeddah city. Their ages were more than 15 years and they were apparently free from illness. Every student filled a questionnaire. Random urine samples were obtained from all students. Thioether, thiocyanate, cotinine, and creatinine were measured in urine samples. There was a direct relation between urinary thioether and each of smoking index, food index, urinary thiocyanate, and cotinine. Urinary thioether shows an inverse relation with BMI. Urinary thiocyanate and cotinine showed direct relation with smoking index and with each of them and the other factor. This indicates interference between these indices and smoking is still one of the most misleading factors in researches that deal with the mutagenic and/or carcinogenic effects in the environment

Evaluation of the effectiveness of salt iodization status in Tripura, north east India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Universal salt iodization programme was initiated during 1988-89 in the goitre endemic state of Tripura. However, no decline in goitre prevalence was found about a decade after the initiation of programme. The present work evaluates the quality of implementation of the salt iodization programme and the possible involvement of dietary goitrogens in the process. METHODS: The study areas were selected at random and in the selected areas only, school children were chosen purposively instead of the entire population. Iodine nutritional status was evaluated by measuring the urinary iodine excretion. The iodine content of salt collected from households was tested by iodometric titration, urinary iodine was measured by dry ashing method and thiocyanate by oxidising bromine and then developing colour by benzedine hydrochloride. RESULTS: Urinary iodine level was measured in 1,123 samples from 22 study areas. In 17 areas, the median urinary iodine values were > 100 micrograms/l indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency. However, the iodine intake of about 40 per cent of the studied population was below the cut-off level i.e., iodine level were < 100 micrograms/l. About two-thirds of salt samples were found to contain iodine less than the adequacy level of 15 ppm. Thiocyanate was present in the 1,032 urine samples studied, in different concentrations. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The people of region are exposed to inadequately iodized salt in spite of the salt iodization programme. Further, they are exposed to a thiocyanate load. This study suggests that monitoring of salt iodization programme is essential to ensure the recommended level of iodine (15 ppm) in at least 90 per cent salt samples. The goitrogenic/antithyroid potential of cyanogenic foods used in the region need to be ascertained to understand the nature of action on thyroid function.

Dietary supplies of iodine and thiocyanate in the etiology of endemic goiter in Tripura.

In the post-salt iodization phase, a study on iodine nutriture status was conducted in Tripura of North East India. The clinical variable of the study was goiter and the biochemical variables were urinary iodine and thiocyanate. Random sampling methodology was followed for selecting the study areas in the State. In each study area, the studied population consisted of school children of both sexes in the age group 6-15 years. The total study areas were 22 and the total number of the population was 10,801. The total number of urine samples were analysed for iodine and thiocyanate were 1,032 (about 10%). The total goiter rate was 21.63%. Population of most of the studied areas had no biochemical iodine deficiency as evidenced by median urinary iodine excretion levels. However, the per capita consumption of iodine of about 40% population was inadequate. A large number of cyanogenic plants (SCN precursors) are used as common vegetables. This study ensures that the existing goiter prevalence in the region could possibly due to non-uniform adequate iodine supply along with the thiocyanate load.

Avaliação de bioindicadores da exposição à fumaça do tabaco: carboxiemoglobina, tiocianato plasmático e tiocianato urinário / Biomarkers evaluation in tobacco smokers: carboxyhemoglobin, urinary thiocyanate and plasma thiocyanate

NUm estudo de 400 indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias (200 fumantes e 200 não fumantes) foram determinados o tiocianato plasmático (SCN-P), tiocianato urinário (SCN-U) e a carboxiemoglobina (COHb) com a finalidade de avaliar qual destes bioindicadores tem melhor correlação com o hábito de fumar. A avaliação foi realizada considerando-se o número de cigarros fumados por dia e no dia da amostragem, a marca e o tempo de uso do cigarro e o sexo do fumante. Todos os parâmetros mostraram-se significativamente mais elevados nos fumantes quando cotejados com os não-fumantes (teste t Student, p `menor ou igualï 0,01). O tiocianato urinário e a carboxiemoglobina foram os melhores relacionados ao número de cigarros consumidos por dia, sendo esta última a que apresentou também melhor correlação com o número de cigarros fumados no dia da coleta das amostras...

Determinación de tiocianato en saliva y orina y su validación como parámetro de fumado / Determination of thiocyanate in saliva and urine and its validation as a smoking parameter

Se analizó una muestra de cien individuos voluntarios, cincuenta fumadores y cincuenta no fumadores, a los cuales se les determinó la concentración de tiocianato en saliva y orina; con el fin de verificar si este parámetro es adecuado para discriminar entre fumadores y no fumadores de tabaco. Se empleó un método colorimétrico sencillo, de bajo costo; el cual se basa en la reacción del tiocianato con Fe+3 formando un producto coloreado con máxima absorbancia a 460 nm. El método presenta coeficientes de variación día a día de 1,8 y 9,8 por ciento para concentraciones de tiocianato de 2.564 y 40 µmol/L respectivamente. El intervalo analítico es de 0 a 3.000 µmol/L y se obtuvo una recuperación promedio de 99 por ciento. Los promedios de la concentración de tiocianato en orina fueron de 3,8 y 96,6 230mol/L y en saliva de 646 y 2.521 µmol/L para no fumadores y fumadores respectivamente, estas diferencias son significativas (p < 0,0001). Los niveles de decisión, para diferenciar personas fumadoras de no fumadoras, son de 25 y 1.500 230mol/l, para muestras de orina y saliva respectivamente. Usando estos valores se obtuvo una eficiencia diagnóstica del 91 por ciento en orina y 89 por ciento en saliva

Valores de referencia de tiocianato plasmatico e urinario / Urinary and plasmatic reference values for thiocyanates

Para possibilitar a interpretacao de resultados de bioindicadores da exposicao as substancias quimicas faz-se necessario conhecer seus valores de referencia, determinados em individuos nao-expostos ocupacionalmente aos xenobioticos que os afetam. Neste trabalho foram determinados os valores de referencia do tiocianato plasmatico e do tiocianato urinario em 193 voluntarios saudaveis, nao-fumantes e nao-expostos ocupacionalmente ao cianeto e/ou as substancias liberadoras deste ion no organismo. Os valores medios mais ou menos intervalo de confianca 95 por cento obtidos foram, respectivamente para o tiocianato plasmatico e urinario, de 2,04 mais menos 0,22 mg/L e 1,3 mais menos 0,11 mg/g creatinina. A analise de possiveis fatores que pudessem afetar os teores dos bioindicadores pesquisados mostrou que o sexo, a idade, o consumo de bebidas alcoolicas ou nao, nao os afetam. entretanto, a ingestao de mandioca cozida eleva significativamente seus niveis, especialmente, os do tiocianato plasmatico

A simple method for the colorimetric determination of thiocyanate in urine

Utilizou-se o reativo de Pettigrew e Fell para a padronizaçäo de método colorimétrico de doseamento de tiocianato na urina. Os pigmentos e as proteínas normalmente presentes na urina foram removidos pela eluiçäo da amostra em coluna contendo silicagel G 60 e florisil. O eluato é tratado com bromo e a reaçäo final é obtida com o reagente piridina -1,4 - fenilenodiamina, sendo a absorbância do corante formado determinada no comprimento da onda correspondente ao ponto isosbéstico da reaçäo (520 nm). A curva de calibraçäo é linear até 16 mg/l

NR-7- Indices biológicos de Exposiçäo / NR-7- Biologicallys index of the exposition

A validade da determinaçäo de tiocianatos urinários como indicador de exposiçäo a cianetos

Metodo modificado para a determinacao de tiocianato em urina por cromatografia de troca ionica e espectrofotometria / Modified method for the determination of thiocyanate in urine by ion-exchange chromatography and spectrophotometry

E proposto um metodo cromatografico de troca ionica para a separacao de tiocianato presente em amostras de urina. O procedimento colorimetrico da sintese de Konig para a obtencao de complexos coloridos com piridina e p-PDA foi usada. O metodo analitico mostrou ser preciso, sensivel e pode ser usado para detectar doses internas de cianeto em individuos ou grupos de individuos em casos de tabagismo, exposicao ocupacional e ingestao excessiva de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ou outros vegetais ricos em glicosideos cianogenicos

Uso de tiocianato urinário como indicador de exposiçäo a cianetos / Use of urinary tiocianate as an index of cyanide exposure

Estudo sobre a utilizaçäo de compostos à base de cianetos por trabalhadores de galvanoplastias da Zona Norte de Säo Paulo-SP, realizado a partir de dosagens de tiocianato urinário em quatro grupos de trabalhadores pelo Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador da Zona Norte.